![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Daniel Bernoulli ( 1738) refined the notion of value, moving it from an external quantity (typically money) to an internal quantity that he called utility. Arnauld ( 1662) broadened Aristotle’s theory to include uncertainty in a quantitative way, proposing that we should act to maximize the expected value of the outcome. This line of thinking has persisted to the present day. … assume the end and consider how and by what means it is attained, and if it seems easily and best produced thereby.” That is, an intelligent or rational action is one that can be expected to achieve one’s objectives. Designs for AI systems vary enormously depending on the nature of the environment in which the system will operate, the nature of the perceptual and motor connections between agent and environment, and the requirements of the task.ĪI seeks agent designs that exhibit “intelligence,” but what does this mean? Aristotle ( Ethics) gave one answer: “We deliberate not about ends, but about means. AI is concerned principally with designing the internals of the agent: mapping from a stream of raw perceptual data to a stream of actions. The concept can be applied to humans, robots, software entities, corporations, nations, or thermostats. Footnote 1 Cognitive faculties such as reasoning, planning, and learning are in the service of acting. The central technical concept in AI is that of an agent-an entity that perceives and acts (Russell and Norvig 2020). ![]()
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